Trojan Nuclear Power Plant Essay Example for Free

Trojan Nuclear Power Plant Essay Trojan Plant was a pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant located in Rainier, Oregon, United States. Its construction started in 1st February 1970 and its commenced commercial operation on May1976, with a 35-year license which was to lapse in 2011. Unfortunately, it was closed about 20 years before the year of its designed lifetime, 16 years precisely of its operation. During its existence, Trojan produced over 12% of the electrical supply of Oregon. Historically, more than 80% of Oregons electricity came from hydropower from dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, while the rest is from fossil fuels. Trojan generated 1130 megawatt electrical (MWe) unit, which was the largest PWR unit that was ever built. A total of $450 million was coughed out in order to build the plant. It reactor supplier was Combustion Engineering and Reactor type Pressurized water reactor (PRW), with a power Capacity of 1,130 MW. It was constructed by Babcock and Wilcox. Its operator was Portland General Electric. Trojan was closed down for a major modification in the year 1978 to improve its resistance to earthquake which unraveled major errors in its construction and a close proximity of an unknown faultline. The operators sued the builders but the case was settled out of court. It took its steam generators only 4years to start developing problems, although they were designed to last the life of the plant, the steam tubes started cracking. Debates on the closure of Trojan was initiated by Lloyd Marbet in 1980, it persisted for a while until its operators finally proceeded with the demolition of Trojan. Its demolition started in 1993 and was completed in 2006. Reference   Koberstein, Paul (2005-03-09). Trojan: PGEs Nuclear Gamble, Willamette Week, p.  A1. Retrieved on 2007-06-15.

Crime Prevention Programs Children And Young People Essay

Crime Prevention Programs Children And Young People Essay Currently we suffer from overpopulation in our prisons today. One of the main reasons is due to a constant increasing flow of non-violent drug offenders being sentenced to serve time. Drugs are a major problem in our country, so we must be proactive in our efforts and try to come up with programs that would steer youth away from initial drug use that would potentially lead to future incarceration. There are many programs that try to do just that. These programs focus on the youth to try and keep them captivated in healthier venues as opposed to starting drug use or a life of crime. These programs have seen much success in the areas that they are in by means of crime prevention. This paper will discuss the programs and how they actually help in crime prevention by helping the youth within those communities. Adult-supervised, youth-development afterschool prevention programs reduce the onset or intensity of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. These programs serve many important purposes including: Positive interaction with and supervision by adults Enrichment programs and activities help youth develop drug/alcohol free hobbies Occupying free time with positive choices in a supervised element Helps create a service ethic through community service Development of social skills and the keys to just say no to drugs and alcohol The programs with the most positive results tend to be those that combine fun with structure and teach prevention through activities. When afterschool prevention programs, run by Boys and Girls Clubs, were started in selected public housing developments in New York, drug use, presence of crack cocaine use, police reports of drug activity all decreased significantly. Drug activity decreased 22%, juvenile arrests dropped 13%, and vandalism in the public housing developments decreased 12.5%, and parental involvement increased, compared with public housing developments that were not selected to implement the afterschool programs. The program included structured, adult-supervised recreation and youth development activities combined with a focused prevention activity, Smart Moves, developed by the Boys Girls Clubs specifically for non-classroom settings (Bailey, 1998). Worldwide over the past couple of decades, we have seen an increase in the amount of recreational organizations being created. Recognizing the increasing jail and prison populations, these places were constructed to benefit the entire community in the long run. These facilities have many things that lured youth in such as batting cages, pools, tracks to run, basketball, weight rooms, a healthy and productive alternative to running around on the streets. Programs that engage the youth while keeping them on a straightened path is what will really make the difference in a community. One organization that incorporates healthy alternatives to substance abuse and criminal activity in youths is The Boys Girls Clubs of America. This organization is among the top of the lists of facilities to aid in crime prevention in youths. Their programs are nationally recognized as well as tested and proved effective in addressing problems that modern day youths face as well as showing them tools to make them successful throughout their lives. Programs are available nationwide and focus on areas such as alcohol and drug prevention, various areas of education, gang prevention, pregnancy prevention, athletics, the environment and leadership development. The Boys Girls Clubs of America commend accomplishments while also adding an extra goal for young adults to aspire for, such as the opportunity to meet important role models on a global scale; these actions have led to a high success rate within the organization. One of the ways that the Boys Girls Clubs of America commend accomp lishments through their organization is through their own Youth of the Year awards. These awards are given out to those who show outstanding contributions to the Club, family, and community as well. Each state produces a winner and the winners from each state then compete for the title of National Youth of the Year; with the ultimate Youth of the Year being recognized by the President of the United States, which is the ultimate honor (Boys Girls Clubs of America, 2007). The hopes of this competition is to instill in these young adults that they can accomplish any dream if the put their mind to it and stay away from drugs and alcohol or resorting to violence. There are over 2,000 YMCAs worldwide, which makes it the largest not-for-profit community service organization in America working to meet the health and human service needs of 20.2 million men, women and children in 10,000 communities in the United States. YMCAs are at the heart of community life across the country: 42 million families and 72 million households are located within three miles of a YMCA (YMCA, 2007). Because of their non-profit services and unique locations around the world, 20.1 million members have joined these clubs, 9.5 million of which are under the age of 18. Thousands of Ys work with local elementary, middle, and high schools, hospitals, and churches to promote child care and teen leadership and provides services that they may need. So many kids today are starting down the wrong paths in life at earlier ages. The fact the children are being left alone and unattended at their homes between the hours that they get out of school until their parents get home is not helping the matter. Kids are often taking advantage of the situation and doing whatever they want. If this continues to happen for some time before they get caught, they might not stop when asked to. Lucky for us, YMCAs is the largest providers of childcare in the United States, operating nearly 10,000 childcare sites throughout the United States providing affordable and high quality care to more than a half million children. The YMCA does also serve nearly 10 million children under the age of 18 through activities such as camping, sports, and afterschool programs. YMCAs are the largest employers of teenagers in the country (YMCA, 2007). YMCAs nationwide even offer an After School Program. It is a safe and caring environment in your childs own school that is offered at school dismissal (including scheduled half days) until 6:00 PM and before school care begins at 7:00 AM until school begins. You can choose between 2-5 days a week and they also offer childcare on holidays and snow days. During this time your children participate in arts and crafts, games, gym activities, group activities, special events, and trips. Homework time and help is also provided, as well as an afternoon snack. And you dont have to worry about the type of people that are watching your kids because they are just as much qualified to work with children as are teachers. Our staff members are selected from a wide range of applicants who undergo strict background checks, most of whom have been with us for several years (YMCA, 2007). This next organization is about taking the next step and preparing youth for their future involvement in the workforce. The Department of Youth and Community Development (DYCD) was created in 1996 in order to consolidate resources and provide the City of New York with higher-quality, more efficient youth and family programming. Our central task is administering available city, state, and federal funds to strong and effective community-based organizations (NYC Department of Youth and Community Development, 2007). DYCD funds a wide range of innovative, practical and quality programs that positively impact youth and communities. These programs include but are not limited to: Runaway and Homeless Youth Outreach, Youth Workforce Development, Corporate Internships for Youth, Summer Youth Employment Program, and the nations largest municipally funded Out-of-School Time initiative. It is programs like these that we need to see more of, programs that prepare young teens for success, sending t hem off on internships to meet well-known successful people. We need to raise their hopes and help them realize that their dreams can become reality. Like the YMCA, the Department of Youth and Community Development (DYCD) also has after school programs. With the increased number of parents entering the workforce, the need for expanded quality after-school services to support young people and their families is a must. The DYCD supports two major after-school initiatives: the Out-of-School Time Program and the Beacon Program. As previously stated, the Out-of-School Time (OST) Program is the largest after-school program throughout the nation. The programs offered are free of charge and offer an equal balance between recreational activities, the arts, sports, and academic tutoring and support for elementary school students throughout high school. OST programs operate on most school holidays to meet the needs of working parents (NYC Department of Youth and Community Development, 2007). The Beacon Program is slightly different in that it was designed for kids ages 16-21. In this program, young adults are offered the experience of academ ic support and college preparatory, sports such as basketball and martial arts, as well as art infused themes such as photography. These centers operate six days and 42 hours a week in the afternoons and evenings, and on weekends. Weve explored the opportunities of childcare and support during the day and after school hours, but what are these children to do at night? Is this not the most popular time for individuals go out, cause mischief, and commit crimes? What can be done to attempt to suppress this? Seattle Parks and Recreations new Late Night Program could very well be the answer. The Late Night Recreation Program is a fun, safe environment for high-risk Seattle youth. Our goal is to save the lives of our youth, create opportunities for success and provide positive alternatives to drugs, gangs, and other undesirable activities, stated Betty Jean Brooks the Interim Superintendent. The Late Night Recreation Program targets youths most prone to harmful behavior and shows them the possibility of having a positive future. It offers a variety of activities: educational services such as tutoring, computer and teen parenting programs, inter-cultural activities such as ethnic dance and bead-making and athletic ac tivities such as basketball, volleyball, martial arts and other sports. According to the Seattle Police Department, crime has been reduced an average of 30 percent near the Late Night centers. A new program has also come about in Vancouver and Richmond called Night Hoops: Nocturnal Basketball. Night Hoops is a late night basketball program for youth 13-18 yrs. of age. Its goal is to use basketball as a vehicle to promote asset development in a supported environment. Night Hoops offers youths the opportunity to experience the thrill of playing on an organized basketball team. The youth really benefits from having something as fun and positive as this. Those who need an alternative to where they spend their Friday and Saturday nights dont have to look far. Youth who are experiencing difficulties at home, in school, and would benefit from physical activity and being around positive role models would be perfect candidates. Religious Youth Group organizations put on by local churches is also an option. Along with religious education classes for children, these groups offer programs for youth age 12 19. The First Unitarian Universalist Church of San Antonio has created two different groups: Club M2U and YRUU. Club M2U is for Middle School students (grades 6 8). Focus is on having fun, making friends, and doing projects together. Some of their recent activities have been ice skating, collecting school supplies for hurricane victims, and planning an Animal Dedication service for the entire church. The YRUU serves youth from 14-19 years old. Guided by national goals and purposes, each local group determines its own vision. The five components of balanced youth programming are Worship, Community Building, Social Action, Learning, and Leadership. Youth in this program have many opportunities to grow into leadership at group, congregational, district, and continental levels. There is a youth group similar to this where I live. It is held on Friday nights from 8-midnight. There is a lesson service for each group of kids (10-14 and 15-21) in the beginning and then the last 2 hours we are free to partake in recreational activities such as basketball, volleyball, floor hockey, Frisbee, football, etc. And what I thought was great was to see all these other kids from other towns coming over to be a part of this event. It is really quite impressive for a word of mouth establishment. With all the opportunities the youths have within their reach it is still beyond me why so many become involved in breaking the law. The continuation of education these young minds of how bad gangs and drugs and violence are is most important, and not only after school but in school as well. The G.R.E.A.T. Program (Gang Resistance Education and Training) is a school-based, law enforcement officer-instructed classroom curriculum that is intended as an immunization against delinquency, youth violence, and gang membership. G.R.E.A.T. lessons focus on providing life skills to students to help them avoid using delinquent behavior and violence to solve problems. Because this is a four-component program (elementary school, middle school, high school, and summer classes) it is not something that is easily forgotten. It would be a major problem and of no significance if they only taught it to you in one of those sections. If you were taught it at a young age, you might not understand and ofte n forget and if you were taught it in high school you might laugh at the program and not pay attention at all. The thoroughness throughout the years is the most effective form of education. The other program that is offered to you through school is the D.A.R.E. program (Drug Abuse Resistance Education). This is one of the highly acclaimed programs that give kids the skills they need to avoid involvement in drugs, gangs, and violence. This is a series of classroom lessons that teaches children from kindergarten through 12th grade how to resist peer pressure and live productive drug and violence-free lives. Because this is a police officer led discussion, I feel that with the powerful authority figure you can get more across to the kids and they are more apt to listen to what he/she is saying. Once the students understand and commit to memory what it is the officer is saying they can then precede through life not having to worry about falling victim to the perils of crime. As you can see, there are countless organizations that are trying harder and harder every day to grow and promote their establishments so that there will be less crime. We cant expect the children to make all the decisions and to know that all these programs are out there either. Parents need to look into these types of organizations around their area for their children and suggest them. The children are not going to know about them without the parents help. Maybe a late night basketball program is exactly what your son/daughter wants and you just didnt know because you never brought it to their attention. Youth groups are a great way to meet new people in a safe and friendly environment. If they still seem uninterested there is still the trial and error approach. Tell them that you and he/she will go once, just to see if they like it or if there is anything there that they are interested in. YMCAs and the Boys Girls Clubs have almost anything you could possible want to do. You cant go wrong here so use it as a reserve option. The effort is being made to help, but this isnt a one-way street. Parents, let your children know about the opportunities they are missing out on that will help keep them out of living a life of crime.

The Issues Of Fresh Water In Singapore Environmental Sciences Essay

The Issues Of Fresh Water In Singapore Environmental Sciences Essay Singapore is an island and urban city state with no rural hinterland and hence, it has been depending on Malaysia for nearly forty percent or more of its water supply. However, Singapore is not short of fresh water as it receives an average of around 2,400 mm of rainfall annually. The only constraint faced by the country is capturing and storing as much of this rainfall as possible, on limited amounts of land areas, so as to achieve self-efficiency in water issues. Recycling efforts in Singapore started in 1966 when the Jurong Industrial Water Treatment Plant was commissioned to supply industrial water to the Jurong Industrial Estate (JIE). This water comes from treated sewerage effluent and is meant for industrial use in the Jurong area as well as by several oil refineries. The Singapore government encourages industry and private enterprises to recycle water. Also, tax rebates have been provided for factories that install water-saving plants. Bottles of NEWater Singapore has also developed NEWater, a three-stage process which brings waste-water to a quality that is better than that produced by the Public Utilities Board (PUB). Treatment begins with Microfiltration to remove suspended solids, colloidal particles, bacteria and viruses. The next process is Reverse Osmosis, which involves applying of pressure for water to flow from the concentrated side to the less concentrated side through a semi-permeable membrane to remove inorganics like heavy metals, such as nitrate, chloride, sulphate etc. The third process, Ultra-violet disinfection, is a safety back-up to remove any bacteria or viruses that cannot be removed by Reserve Osmosis. Desalination is a process of removing excess salt from water (eg. seawater) to enable it for drinking purposes. It has been used to augment water for some time, but it was not adopted as a matter of policy until recent years. This method is considered successful, as this source of supply produce 12% of Singapores daily water needs. Although desalination costs under current improved technology are higher than traditional means of treatment, Singapore has decided to go ahead in the belief that new technologies will reduce the costs further. 3. Impoundments and reservoirs Singapore has several impounding reservoirs inland including Seletar, Peirce and MacRitchie etc. To increase storage capacity, seven reservoirs have been developed by damming the river mouths. It was in that context that a plan to maximise collection of surface resources by extending the present 24.3 square miles of collection grounds to 156 square miles (about 75% of the islands total area) was proposed. However, geological conditions limited the availability of groundwater, hence the plan focused on retrieval of stormwater and water recycling instead. Another reservoir which was built in the recent years was Marina Barrage, which was officially opened on 30th October 2008. Marina Barrage is a dam built across the Marina Channel. Water flows into the reservoir from some of Singapores most well-known waterways, including the Singapore River, Stamford Canal, Rochor Canal, Geylang River and the countrys longest river, Kallang River. Marina Barrage was envisioned by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew in 1987, after the great clean-up of the Singapore and Kallang Rivers. Building the barrage on the soft sea bed amidst changing currents and constantly moving marine traffic was a major challenge. From the air, the pump house of the barrage looks like that number 9, which signifies longevity in Chinese. This major engineering achievement is symbolic of Singapores development as a City of Gardens and Water. How Marina Barrage works? The Barrage acts as a physical barrier to separate the reservoir from the sea. The steel crest gates of the Barrage will act as a tidal barrier to keep the high tides out. Under normal conditions, the crest gates will remain in an upright position to isolate the reservoir from the sea. During heavy rains that collide with low tide, the steel crest will be lowered to release excess storm water into the sea. During heavy rains that collide with high tide, the steel crest gates remain erect, hence storm water cannot flow out to sea naturally. Instead, large drainage pumps will be operated to pump water out to sea. With the Barrage in place, the pockets of low-lying areas in the city will no longer be prone to flooding. 4. Stormwater run-off Harnessing stormwater at minimum cost requires proper land-use planning and pollution control to ensure that stormwater run-off can be efficiently collected and that pollution levels are low. Stormwater harvesting from urban land was consistent with the overall policy of land use in this land-scarce republic, in which land was seen as too valuable for its use to be restricted to a single purpose such as for housing. In the words of the Minister for National Development: If we designate more land for water catchments, there will be less land for housing and other developments. The reverse is also true. Optimising and maximising the use of land and water helped the country to overcome constraints to a certain extent. (Adapted from: The Straits Times,1996) Singapore was the first country in South-East Asia (SEA) to develop viable stormwater run-off schemes. Among the various schemes, the Bedok and Lower Seletar Schemes are the largest. Surface water for these schemes comes mainly from the housing estates and new towns of Ang Mo Kio, Bedok, Tampines and Yishun and the area near Changi International Airport. Water is conveyed to the storage reservoirs of Bedok and Lower Seletar. One important feature of this scheme is the emphasis on close co-ordination between several agencies, such as the Housing Board Development (HDB), the Ministry of the Environment (ENV) and the Planning Department, in order to ensure that water collected from urban surfaces is low in pollutants. In addition, the drainage system designed in such a way that it channels water through concrete channels to suitable collection ponds situated at topographic low points. An automatic monitoring system ensures that only discharges produced by heavy storms resulting in run-o ff above a certain volume are collected. One example of the innovative approach to stormwater collection is making use of the empty space under the interchange of the Seletar and Bukit Timah expressways for a water collection pond. 5. Conservation of water In addition to developing and diversifying water resources, water conservation is also key to ensuring a sustainable water supply. Through our various water conservation initiatives, Singapore has managed to reduce domestic water consumption from 172 litres per capita per day in 1995 to 157 litres in 2007.(Adapted from Conserve, Values and Enjoy by Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, 08 July 2008) It is a difficult task to keep looking for new sources of water, but the situation can be improved if we can control our ever-increasing demand of water. To provide water for all, PUB calls on all Singaporean to play our part in water conservation and to keep our water catchments and waterways clean so that we can enjoy our water resources. One way to discourage excessive use of water is to impose water conservation tax on the amount of water used. This additional tax is added to the price of the water consumed by households and varies according to the amount of water they use. A household that consumes more water will pay higher taxes compared to household that used less water. Additionally, there are varieties of activities organised to teach Singaporeans to view water as a scarce and precious resource, and to use it wisely. Water conservation talks are conducted in schools and leaflets on water conservation are distributed to households. Water-rationing exercises, where the supply of water to some homes is temporarily cut off, are also carried out in housing estates. Effectiveness of the solutions implemented by government So far, Singapore has been able to tackle the problem of a limited supply of fresh water with the introduction of water reclamation, desalination of sea water and impoundments. Technological innovations in modern society have enabled us to have larger catchment areas, to build dams and to obtain fresh water from sea water and used water. Policies aimed at water conservation have also produced certain positive results. Based on the research conducted by the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, the domestic water use per person has generally fallen between 1995 and 2007, from 172 litres per day to 157 litres per day. This means that Singaporeans are more aware of the challenge they are to face nowadays. Introduction of water conservation taxes and activities about water conservation also help to spread awareness about the importance of water conservation. Recommendations regarding the current policies from our committee Government can introduce fine of a certain amount of money for over-usage of water. This means that if the households use unusually large amount of water every months, the government could send down the letters to inform them that they have used too much water compared with the national average, and they should manage their usage well from now on or the authority would have to take action in order to save water. In case if the household owners do not take mind of the warnings, they would be fined. Similarly, households have done well in controlling the water usages should be rewards for their effort put in. For example, tax-relief can be introduced to residents who use water-saving devices at home. Measures like this can encourage the people to install water-saving devices in their houses, hence the overall usage of water would gradually drop to an acceptable level, and the people can be satisfied with rewards given by government for their well-being as the citizens. Examples of water-saving devices: Shower head Water-saving tap Toilet stop Such water-saving devices help reduces water usage at our homes. We uses 9 litres of water whenever we flush the toilet. A toilet stop can be used to cut down the usage of 9 litres. It is added to the toilet flushing mechanism to stop the flushing when the handle is released. Thus if used wisely it allows people to save up to 20% of their total water bill.

Special Education Reflection Essay example -- essays research papers

Running Head: REFLECTION PAPER Reflection Paper En Tseh Wang Lehigh University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Special Education 332 (Education and Inclusion of Individuals with Special Needs) has been enlightening for me as a secondary mathematics educator. In the beginning of the semester, my feelings towards special education were those of apathy and insensitivity. I now understand that my feelings were due to my lack of knowledge and my judgment based on stereotypes. I always knew that making fun of students with learning disabilities was wrong. However, I never felt that inclusion of special education students in general education classes was plausible or made sense. I felt that special education students belonged in their own classrooms; and that is why we have special education educators. As a prospective secondary mathematics educator, I felt that it was unfair that I would have special education students in my classes. I would rationalize my attitude by saying that I signed up to teach â€Å"normal† students, and that the special education students were not my problem or responsibility. I did not want to deal with them. I did not see them as individuals who seek meaning through learning. As a constructivist, my goal as an educator is to provide students with meaning by imparting knowledge. As I reflect on my feelings towards special education students, I ask myself why do I not see them in the same way. If they are students as well, why do I discriminate against them? Why is it, when I think about teaching students with learning disabilities, I get uncomfortable? It is due to my lack of knowledge of students with learning disabilities. It was not until I saw the movie (before our class) â€Å"I Am Sam†, my thoughts about people with learning disabilities started to change. The movie changed my perception that mentally challenged individuals are strange by nature because they do not seem to understand when people talk to them and is different from myself. The movie showed me that they do comprehend information, have feelings as I do, and most importantly, that I have wrongly stereotyped their differences. This course not only gave me the knowledge I needed to understand students with learning disabilities, I was also able to empathize with these students through active participation in the sensitivity activities. Participating ... ...ities and that I have done a complete one-eighty in my view of these students. There was several times where I caught myself using the term retarded, in describing something that was unintelligent. I must understand that my advocacy towards this issue will only grow if I continue to find out more about learning disabilities, to watch what I say, and to be careful when trying to teach others to change their views.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Overall, I must admit that I have been blessed from taking this course. I feel that I have grown throughout the course of the class, where I once stereotyped students with learning disabilities to understanding students with disabilities. Many people judge and classify what they do not understand, and through that ignorance is birthed. I am thankful that I have taken this class as I have become aware of my ignorance and have a deeper understanding and acceptance of those with learning disabilities, inside and outside of the classroom. References Turnbull, R., Turnbull, A., Shank, M., Smith, S.J. (2004). Exceptional Lives: Special   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Education in Today's Schools. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Resonance :: essays research papers fc

Resonance RESONANCE: " The property whereby any vibratory system responds with maximum amplitude to an applied force having the a frequency equal to its own." In english, this means that any solid object that is struck with a sound wave of equal sound wave vibrations will amplitude the given tone. This would explain the reason why some singers are able to break wine glasses with their voice. The vibrations build up enough to shatter the glass. This is called RESONANCE. Resonance can be observed on a tube with one end open. Musical tones can be produces by vibrating columns of air. When air is blown across the top of the open end of a tube, a wave compression passes along the tube. When it reaches the closed end, it is reflected. The molecules of reflected air meet the molecules of oncoming air forming a node at the closed end. When the air reaches the open end, the reflected compression wave becomes a rarefaction. It bounces back through the tube to the closed end, where it is reflected. the wave has now completed a single cycle. It has passed through the tube four times making the closed tube, one fourth the length of a sound wave. By a continuous sound frequency, standing waves are produced in the tube. This creates a pure tone. We can use this knowledge of one fourth wavelength to create our own demonstration. It does not only have to be done using wind, but can also be demonstrated using tuning forks. If the frequency of the tuning forks is known, then v=f(wavelength) can find you the length of your air column. Using a tuning fork of frequency 512 c/s, and the speed of sound is 332+0.6T m/s, temperature being, 22 degrees, substitute into the formula. Calculate 1/4 wavelength V=f(wavelength) wavelength=V/f =345.2 (m/s) / 512 (c/s) =0.674 m/c 1/4 wave. =0.674 (m/c) / 4 = 0.168 m/c Therefore the pure tone of a tuning fork with frequency 512 c/s in a temperature of 22 degrees would be 16.8 cm. The pure tone is C. If this was done with other tuning forks with frequencies of 480, 426.7, 384, 341.3, 320, 288, and 256 c/s then a scale in the key of C would be produced. There are many applications of this in nature. One example of this would be the human voice. Our vocal chords create sound waves with a given frequency, just like the tuning fork. One of the first applications of the wind instrument was done in ancient Greece where the pipes of pan were created.

CT scan of abdomen and pelvis without contrast Essay

ABDOMEN: The lung basis appeared unremarkable. The liver, spleen, gallbladder, adrenals, kidneys and pancreas and abdominal aorta appeared unremarkable. The bowels seen on the study appeared thickened. Dilated appendix seen constant with acute appendicitis. Osseous structures of the abdomen appeared unremarkable. No free air was seen. PELVIS: Good quality, non contrasted actual CT examination of the pelvis with coronal reconstructions. Prostate, seminal vesicles and urinary bladder appeared WNL. The bowels seen on the study appeared WNL, except for inflammatory changes of the appendix and seccum with acute appendicitis. Osseous structures of the pelvis appeared in tract with evidence of bilateral hip degenerative changes. IMPRESSION: 1. Findings consistent with acute appendicitis 2. Degenerative changes of the hips Paula Reddy NN:EF D: T: DISCHAGE SUMMARY Patient Name: Benjamin Engelhart Patient ID: 112592DOB: 10/05/Age: 46Sex: M Date of Admission: 11/14/2012 Date of Discharge: 11/17/2012 Admitting Physician: Benard Kester, MD General Surgery Procedures Performed: Laparoscopic appendectomy with placement of RLQ drain on 11/14/2012 Complications: None. Discharge Diagnosis: Acute subapperative appendectomy perforated. DIAGNOSTIC/IMAGING LABS: Lab results at the time of admission showed a WBC count of 13. CT scan done in the ED revealed an acute appendicitis with fleggon. HOSPITAL COURSE: The 46 years old Caucasian gentleman presented to the ED with a 3 day history of abdominal pain, however in the last 24 hours and it has________ migrated to the RLQ with anneorixia, guarding and elevated WBC of 13 and CT scan consistent with appendicitis. The patient was taken to the operating room where he underwent a laparoscopic appendectomy that revealed appendix perforation and phlegmon. The appendix was removed in toto with an intact stable line. A drain was placed in the RLQ due to the fleggmonous material. Patient did well over the successive 2-3 days postoperatively with resumption of an oral diet having past flatus with having bowel movement with minimal drain output. However his WBC lowered to 6. His drain has been left intact. Patient is being discharged on the post operative day 3 on a 1 week course of PO gentamicin. The drain left in place. The drain will be removed in my office on 11/24/2012 if the drain output is minimal. Patient is on a PO diet. He was given a script for both antibiotics and PO narcotics. (Continued) PLAN: Post operative visit in my office in 1 week for evaluation and possible removal of JP drain. No heavy lifting for 4 weeks following surgery. Patient is to complete his full course of post operative antibiotics. DISCHAGE SUMMARY Patient is to report to the ED or my office earlier if any redness or foul smelling drainage out of the wound sit. Any swelling, fever, pain or any other concerns. Patient and his wife verbalized the understanding of the agreement with the above plan. Bernard Kester CC: Max Hirsch, MD D:11/14/2012 T:11/14/2012 HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Patient Name: Benjamin Engelhart Patient ID: 112592DOB: 10/05Age: 46 Date of Admission: 11/14/2012 Emergency Room Physician: Alex McClure, MD Admission Diagnosis: Acute Appendicitis HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: 46 year old gentlemen with past medical history significant only for degenerative disease with bilateral degenerative disease of the hips. Secondary to arthritis. Presents to the Emergency room after having had 3 days of abdomen pain. It usually started 3 days ago and was generalized vague abdomen complaint. Earlier this morning the pain localized and radiated to the RLQ. He had some nausea without amesis. He was able to tolerate PO earlier around 6am. but now denies having an appetite. Patient had very small bowel movement earlier this morning that was not normal for him. He has not passes has the morning. ‘he is voiding well. Denies fevers, chills or night sweats. The pain is localized to the RLQ without radiation at this point. He has never had a colonoscopy. PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: Significant for arthritis of bilateral hips seen by Dr. Hersch. PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: Negative MEDICATIONS: Piroxicam for degenerative joint disease of bilateral hips ALLERGIES: No known drug allergies SOCIAL HISTORY: Patient admits alcohol ingestion nightly and on weekends. Denies tobacco use and illicit drug us. He is married. FAMILY HISTORY: No history of cancer or inflammatory bowel disease in his family. REVIEW OF SYSTEMS;;12 point ROS was preformed and is negative except noted in above HIP, PMH and PSH. Careful attention was paid to endocrine, integumentary, pulmonary, renal and neurological exam PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Vital Signs. TEMPERATURE: 101.0, Blood Pressure- 127/179, Heart Rate-129, Respirations- 185, Weight-215. Situations 96% on room air. Pain Scale- 8/10. HEENT-Normal cephalic, atrumatic pupils equally round and reactive to light. Extra ocular motions intact. ORAL: Shows oral pharynx clear but slightly dry mucosal membranes. TMS: Clear. NECK: Supple, No thrangegally or JVD. No cervical,  subclavicular, axilarry or lingual lymphinalpathy. HEART: Regular rate and rhythm. No thrills or murmur heard. LUNGS: Clear to aspiration bilateral. ABDOMEN: Obese with minimal bowel sounds, slightly distended there is RLQ tenderness with guarding and pinpoint rebound. Positive _____. Actuator signs with negative psoas side. RECTAL: No evidence of blood or masses. PROSTATE: WNL. EXTREMITIES: No clubbing, cyanosis, clots or edmea. 1+ pedal pulses bilaterally. NUERO: Cranial nerves 2-12 grossly intact. DIAGNOSTIC DATA: WBC was 13.4, Hemoglobin and hematocrit 15.4 and 45.8, platelets 206 with 89% shift. Sodium 133, Potassium 3.7,Chorlide 99, Bicarbonate 24, BUM and Creatine 18 and 1.1, Lukeuos 146, adermin 4.3, total bulliru,1.7, remainder of the LFTs is WNL. Urinary analysis reveals trace keytones with 100 mg per decimeter with small amount of blood. CT scan was preformed revealing evidence of acute appendicitis with parasitical inflammation as well as facilitation of appendix inflammation and haziness in aperparacifiacal dilation. There is evidence of degenerative joint disease in bilateral hips on the cat scan as well. ASSESTMENT PLAN: This 46 year old Caucasian gentleman has signs and symptoms and radiographical findings consistent with acute appendicitis without evidence of abscesses. The plan is to take him to the operating room for laproscopic possible open appendectomy and possible large bowel dissection should the case resisitated. Plan was discussed with patient with his wife. Risk, benefits and alternatives were discussed. There was no barriers to communication and all questions were answered appropatily The patient understands the plan and desires to proceed . (Continued) The plan was discussed with Dr. Keslerof general surgery who agrees and will take patient to operating room . Alex McClure, MD D:11/14/2012 T:11/14/2012 PATHOLOGY REPORT Patient Name: Benjamin Engelhart Patient ID: 112592 DOB: 10/05/Age: 46Sex: M Pathology Report No: 10-S-9044 Date of Surgery: 11/14/2012 Attending Physician: Bernard Kester, MD general surgery Preoperative Diagnosis: Acute appendicitis Postoperative Diagnosis: Necrotizing acute appendicitis Specimen Received: Appendix other than incidental Date specimen received: 11/14/2012 Date reported: 11/16/2012 CLINICAL HISTORY: Acute appendicitis. GROSS DESCRIPTION: The specimen was received in formily? With patient name, ID and appendix. It consist of a appendix measuring 6 x1.5Ãâ€"1.5 cm there periepdesial fat attached to it measuring 6Ãâ€"4 by1 cm. The cirrosal surface is hemmoraggric. Upon opening the appendix there is percudent exudates material. The wall thickness measures 0.3cm. Representive sections are present is 1 cassettes. MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION: Performed MICROSCOPIC DIAGNOSIS: Appendix appendectomy, Necrotizing acute appendicitis. ICD Diagnosis Code: 540.9 (Continued) CPT Code: 8-88304 Georgia Tamato,MD ALW: D:11/14/2012 T:11/14/2012 OPERTIVE REPORT Patient Name: Benjamin Engelhart Patient ID: 112592DOB: 10/05Age: 46Sex: M Date of Admission: 11/14/2012 Date of Procedure: 11/14/2012 Admitting Physician: Bernard Kester, MD General Surgery Surgeon: Bernard Kester, Assistant: Jason Wangner, PAC Circulating nurse: Jimmy Dale Jet, RN Preoperative diagnosis: Acute appendicitis. Post operative diagnosis: Perforated appendicitis. Operative Procedure: 1: Laparoscopic Appendectomy. 2: Placement of RLQ drain. Anesthesia: General endotracheal. Specimen Removed: 1 Necrotic appendix. IV Fluids: 1700 crystalloid. Estimated Blood Loss: 10mL. Urine Output: 300mL. Complications: None. INDICATIONS: This gentleman is a 46 year old Caucasian male that came in with a 3 day history of abdominal pain, however the pain worsened after 24 hours to the RLQ and caused a significant amount of anorixia. He presented to the ER department. CT scan to abdominals and pelvis showed acute appendicitis. Labs showed WBC at 13. Laparoscopic appendectomy procedure was explained along with the risk, benefits and possible complications. Patient voiced his desire to proceed. Patient was started on preoperative gentamicin. DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: Patient was ID’d times 2 in the pre op holding area. A final timeout was held in the nursing area, anesthesia and surgical service during in which the patient ID was confirmed and the surgical site was initialed. He was given preoperative antibiotics. He was taken back to the OR and placed in the supine position. General endotracheal anesthesia was induced. SEDs were placed on his lower extremities. His Left arm was tucked to the side. Foley Catheter was placed. His abdomen was shaved and prepped with betadine solution, and draped in the usual standard fashion. A small semicircular umbilical incision was made to the subcutaneous tissue down to the fascia. And was gasped at either side and was incised. Kelly clamped was easily inserted. Stay sutures made a _____on either side the Hasson trocar was placed and pneumoperitoneum was easily  achieved. 10 mL port was placed in Left abdomen and a 5 mL was placed in the LLQ. Inspection of RLQ showed a significant amount of adhesions and the small bowel trying to wall off perforated appendix. Milky purulent exudates was noted in surrounding area. The small bowel was carefully peeled off the RLQ side wall. Fibrous exudate the vermiform appendix was identified. It was neurotic perforated in appearance The cecum was mobilized by taking down the lateral attachments laterally. The adhesions of the terminal illium through the pelvis were significant, attempts at this time were not made to free them. There was no evidence of obstruction. The base of the appendix was Identified and dissected and lifted free. Stapler loaded with___ was used to transect the base______however again inflammation extended to the level of the cecum. Though the cecum itself was also inflamed. The remainder of the mesoappendix was divided with a Endo GIA loaded with a _____. Appendix was placed into a endo catch bag was brought out through the umbilical cord site and sent to pathology for routine processing. Inspection of the RLQ and the area was irrigated coupsuley, there was no further evidence of purulent exudate. The appendicualr stump remained and doesn’t appear to be inflamed. However____wasn’t bl eeding. There was some fibrous exudate in the area. Consequently I felt like we had 2 options, we either perform a right epicolodectomy, given the intent of the adhesions in the pelvis would likely require a laparotomy or place a drain with antibiotics possibly controlling the fistula until the inflammation resolves. But hopefully it will heal on its own spontatensouly. Consequently we placed a19 French round Blake drain in the RLQ and brought it out through the LLQ in the 5mm port site. It was secured to the skin using a micro suture. Nuenopartiumeum was then desufflated the fascia of the umbilical port site was closed using a 2,o vicro that had been previously placed. All wounds were enthsitized using 1/2% marking solution and was coupsley irrigated. Skin edges approximated using 4 or monocro. The wounds were dressed with beatdine spray and steri strips. Drain sponge was placed around the drain, Foley catheter was removed. The patient was awakened, exubated then taken to recovery PAR in stable condition. Having tolerated the procedu re well. No complications were observed. DISPOSISTION: 1: The patient will be transferred to the floor. 2: He will be kept at least overnight. 3: He will be taught drain care. 4: He will go home with the drain on place. 5: He may require a fistulagram in the future. Benard Kester, MD D:11/14/2012 T:11/14/2012

Tok ‘Habit Is Stronger Than Reason’ to What Extent Is This Tru in 2 Aoks

‘Habit is stronger than reason. ’ To what extent is this true in two areas of knowledge? Habit could be referred to as a tradition people have. Many people have habits that they are unaware of, for example, when people put their socks on, some people do the right first and some people do the left first. Habit is a factor that is present all through a person’s daily life. Habit represents the way in which we do things because we do it every day continuously. Habit is particularly important because learning something doesn’t make you better at it unless you practice it enough times.An old kung fu saying is â€Å"I’m not afraid of the man that known 1000 moves and practiced them all once, I’m afraid of the man that knows one move and practiced it 1000 times. † This quote means that when someone has a habit of doing something, the habit keeps getting stronger and stronger also meaning that it could become much harder to stop. When a person learns something new, there are a few stages which the brain as to go through. The first one being where you don’t know about it and you don’t know how to do it.Then there are a couple of steps where your brain learns to adapt to it and where you can practice something enough times but you still have to think about every step you are doing. The last step to this is where the all of it becomes automatic and that is when habit overpowers reason. An area of knowing where habit is much stronger than reason is in Ethics. My uncle who is a heavy smoker and knows all the consequences of smoking has obviously developed a habit of smoking and cannot stop it. My uncle comes home from work every day and the first thing he does is smoke a few cigarettes before eating or sleeping.Sometimes a habit can lead to an addiction where it can become dangerous showing how strong a habit can get. My uncle is aware that the habit has become too strong to stop it. He is aware of everything tha t he is putting himself into but refuses to stop smoking. He had told me last year that he feels that every part of his body is telling him to stop smoking and everyone around him tells him to stop smoking, but he said that it is something that helps him calm down even though he is causing harm to his body.This shows that when a habit has developed, it is hard to stop and you feel incomplete without it, as if something is not right. This is also another way in which we can say that habit is stronger than reason. Another way in which ethics shows that habit is stronger than reason is; when someone drops their books in front of you, a person’s instant response would be to help them pick the books up because it is the right thing to do and there is no harm in picking up someone’s books.However, if you had known that the person whose books just fell was a murderer, would you still pick up the books? Reason would indicate that you should run away from the murderer. Most peo ple though would never think that the person whose books just dropped would be a murderer (because of how good ethics and morals teach you that everyone is good on the inside and I someone needs help, the right thing to do would be to help them) which is why you would help the person pick up the books because no one would ever think of it being a murderer.This shows that people with good ethics and good morals never need a reason for doing the right thing, it can become a habit to be a ‘good person’, this includes opening the door for someone or helping an old lady cross the road. Moreover, another area of knowing where habit has been shown to be stronger than reason is in the Arts. In the arts, say theatre arts, dance and photography, habit can be a lot stronger than reason. They say practice makes perfect, like mentioned before. This does not mean that reason is no longer important. What it means is that habit takes priority.In movies for example when actors are pract icing their acting or musicians are practicing their instruments or when dancers are practicing their dancing, they would need to practice over and over again until the performance becomes a habit. Until the actors become their character and everything comes out natural and fluent and until the musicians practice their music enough times that they don’t need to read their notes because they remember every note of every song and it becomes unlikely that they will forget it and until the dance becomes something that becomes automatic and there is no need to think about when you are doing.This is an example of how a habit can be adapted on purpose and the person is fully aware that they have adapted this habit but they are still able to stop this habit without reasoning. There are cases where habits are shown to be much stronger than reason but there are some cases where reason is more powerful than habit. Where no matter what habit you have adopted, your reason is stronger and the habit becomes nothing. An example of this would be in Mathematics where reason is generally more important than habit. In math you would learn many different equations and finding the correct way to solve a problem.To approach a problem in mathematics, you would need to use reasoning to find out how to approach the answer. Even though you may need some form of habit to help you layout your answer, reason is much more important than habit in this case. Many answers in math require you to evaluate the question and understand a lot more than what the question is asking you to do and there can me a lot of information and many questions may require different processing skills so habit is not an important factor compared to reason in this case.Humans by design are creatures of habit. Every day we tend to go through the same ritual if daily life. It may be the same routine every morning (i. e: wake up, shower, change cloths, pack bag, put on shoes, etc) or it could be sitting in the sa me seat as you do every day even when you can move if you want to. Sometimes however, you can break out of your habit easily and sometimes it can be very difficult because it becomes a way of life.